CLASSICAL LITERATURE SEMINAR #21

DATE: 01 MARCH 2007

TOPIC: Inflammation / Immunology #3

CHAIRPERSON: LT HORAN

SEMINAR OBJECTIVE: Each resident should understand the inflammatory and immune reactions in order to understand the response of the pulpal and periradicular tissues to injury.

MAIN POINTS: At the conclusion of the seminar, each resident should:

MP #1 -detail chronic inflammatory processes.

MP #2 -describe the process of wound healing.

MP #3 -relate the role that the inflammatory/immunologic response plays in endodontic flare-ups.

MP #4 -describe the effects that endotoxin has on the periradicular tissues.

MP #5 -relate the role prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines play in the inflammatory/immunologic response.

MP #6 -explain the inflammatory/immunologic mechanisms of bone resorption.

MP #7 -describe the similarities and differences between acute and chronic inflammation.

MP #8 -explain how healing relates to the inflammatory/immunologic response.

MP #9 -describe the hypersensitivity reactions.

GENERAL READINGS: All residents should review and be prepared to discuss the following text and literature references.

Fouad A, Levin L. Pulpal reaction to caries and dental procedures. In: Cohen S, Hargreaves KM, eds. Pathways of the Pulp 9^th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2006:514-41.

Harrison JW. Surgical wound healing. In: Gutmann JL, Harrison JW, eds. Surgical endodontics. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991;300-37.

Kettering JD, Torabinejad M. Microbiology and immunology. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 7^th ed. St Louis: Mosby, Inc., 1998:463-75.

Kim S, Trowbridge HO. Pulpal reaction to caries and dental procedures. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 7^th ed. St Louis: Mosby, Inc., 1998:532-51.

Kim S, Trowbridge HO, Suda H. Pulpal reaction to caries and dental procedures. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 8^th ed. St Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2002:573-602.

Simon JHS. Periapical pathology. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 7^th ed. St Louis: Mosby, Inc., 1998:425-62.

Smulson MH, Hagen JC, Ellenz SJ. Pulpoperiapical pathology and immunologic considerations. In: Weine FS, ed. Endodontic therapy. 5^th ed. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1996:166-202.

Trowbridge HO, Emling RC. Inflammation: a review of the process. 5^th ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Company, 1997:111-209.

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Ada G. Vaccines and vaccination. N Engl J Med 2002;345:1042-53.

Adamkiewicz VW, Pekovic DD. Experimental pulpal Arthus allergy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1980;50:450-6.

Eliasson S, Halvarsson C, Ljungheimer C. Periapical condensing osteitis and endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984;57:195-9.

Glick M, Trope M, Pliskin E. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of fibroblasts of dental pulp in seropositive patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1991;71:733-5.

Haikel Y, Braun JJ, Zana H, Boukari A, de Blay F, Pauli G. Anaphylactic shock during endodontic treatment due to allergy to formaldehyde in a root canal sealant. J Endod 2000;26:529-31.

Kamal AM, Okiji T, Kawashima N, Suda H. Defense responses of dentin/pulp complex to experimentally induced caries in rat molars: an immunohistochemical study on kinetics of pulpal Ia antigen-expressing cells and macrophages. J Endod 1997;23:115-20.

Nakanishi T, Matsuo T, Ebisu S. Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulins and inflammatory factors in human pulpal blood from exposed pulps. J Endod 1995;21:131-6.

Patel T, Park SH, Lin LM, Chiappelli F, Huang GTJ. Substance P induces interleukin-8 secretion from human dental pulp cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96:478-85.

Pichler WJ. Delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:683-93.

Reichlin S. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1246-53.

Shinoda S, Murayama Y, Okada H. Immunopathological role of pulpal tissue components in periapical pathosis. I. Detection of “new” antigens in modified dog pulpal extracts. J Endod 1986;12:388-95.

Trowbridge H, Daniels T. Abnormal immune response to infection of the dental pulp. Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1977;43:902-9.

Trowbridge HO. Immunological aspects of chronic inflammation and repair. J Endod 1990;16:54-61.

Trowbridge HO. Pathogenesis of pulpitis resulting from dental caries. J Endod 1981;7:52-60.

SEMINAR ASSIGNMENTS: All residents should review, prepare abstracts for the assigned articles and be prepared to discuss the following literature references.

LCDR SAITO

Caviedes-Bucheli J, Munoz HR, Rodriguez CE, Lorenzana TC, Moreno GC, Lombana N. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in human pulp tissue. J Endod 2004;30:767-9.

Chang YC, Yang SF, Hsieh YS. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 production by cytokines and pharmacological agents in human pulp cell cultures. J Endod 2001;27:679-82.

Chu SC, Tsai CH, Yang SF, Huang FM, Su YF, Hsieh YS, Chang YC. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression by proinflammatory cytokines in human pulp and gingival fibroblasts. J Endod 2004;30:704-7.

Yang WK, Kim MR, Lee YK, Son HH, Lee WC. Effect of calcium hydroxide treated prevotella nigrescens on the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase and its inhibitor in MG63 cells. J Endod 2006;32:1142-45.

LCDR BLANSCET

Hahn CL, Falkler WA. Antibodies in normal and diseased pulps reactive with microorganisms isolated from deep caries. J Endod 1992;18:28-31.

Hsu YY, Jou YT, Wong R, Karabucak B, Simchon S, Kim S. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) on substance P-induced vasodilatation in the dental pulp. Int Endod J 2003;36:840-7.

Jiang HW, Zhang W, Ren BP, Zeng JF. Expression of toll like receptor 4 in normal human ododntoblasts and dental pulp tissue. J Endod 2006;32:747-51.

Ueda I, Matsushima K. Stimulation of plasminogen activator activity and matrix metalloproteinases of human dental pulp-derived cells by tumor necrosis factor-a. J Endod 2001;27:175-9.

LT JACK

Hahn CL, Best AM. The pulpal origin of immunoglobulins in dentin beneath caries: an immunohistochemical study. J Endod 2006 32;178-82.

Law AS, Baumgardner KR, Meller ST, Gebhart GF. Localization and changes in NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat pulp after tooth preparation. J Dent Res 1999;78:1585-95.

Lin SK, Wang CC, Huang S, Lee JJ, Chiang CP, Lan WH, Hong CY. Induction of dental pulp fibroblast matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 gene expression by interleukin-1a and tumor necrosis factor-a through a prostaglandin-dependent pathway. J Endod 2001;27:185-9.

Yang SF, Hsieh YS, Huang FM, Yang LC, Chang YC. Effect of black-pigmented bacteria on the plasminogen-plasmin system in human pulp and osteoblastic cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:621-5.

LT JOHN

Artese L, Rubini C, Ferrero G, Fioroni M, Santinelli A, Piattelli A. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in healthy and inflamed human dental pulps. J Endod 2002;28:20-3.

Baumgardner KR, Law AS, Gebhart GF. Localization and changes in superoxide dismutase immunoreactivity in rat pulp after tooth preparation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:488-95.

Sawa Y, Horie Y, Yamaoka Y, Ebata N, Kim T, Yoshida S. Production of colony-stimulating factor in human dental pulp fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2003;82:96-100.

Wisithphrom K, Windsor LJ. The effect of tumor necrosis factor-α , interleukin-1β , interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor-β1 on pulp fibroblast mediated collagen degradation. J Endod 2006;32:853-61.

LCDR GUISE

Bergenholtz G. Inflammatory response of the dental pulp to bacterial irritation. J Endod 1981;7:100-4.

Bergenholtz G, Nagaoka S, Jontell M. Class II antigen expressing cells in experimentally induced pulpitis. Int Endod J 1991;24:8-14.

Falker WA, Martin SA, Tolba M, Siegel MA, Mackler BF. Reaction of pulpal immunoglobulins to oral microorganisms by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Endod 1987;13:260-6.

Jontell M, Gunraj MN, Bergenholtz G. Immunocompetent cells in the normal dental pulp. J Dent Res 1987;66:1149-53.

LCDR GNAU

Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000;407;770-6.

Hosoya S, Ohbayashi E, Matsushima K, Takeuchi H, Yamazaki M, Shibata Y, Abiko Y. Stimulatory effect of interleukin 6 on plasminogen activator activity from human dental pulp cells. J Endod 1998;24:331-4.

Huang GT, Potente AP, Kim JW, Chugal N, Zhang X. Increased interleukin-8 expression in inflamed human dental pulps. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:214-20.

Tran-Hung l, Mathieu S, About I. Role of human pulp fibroblasts in angiogenesis. J Dent Res 2006 85;:819-23.

LT HAWLEY

Bergenholtz G. Pathogenic mechanisms in pulpal disease. J Endod 1990;16:98-101.

Langeland K. Tissue response to dental caries. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987;3:149-71.

Matsushima K, Ohbayashi E, Takeuchi H, Hosoya S, Abiko Y, Yamazaki M. Stimulation of interleukin-6 production in human dental pulp cells by peptidoglycans from Lactobacillus casei. J Endod 1998;24:252-5.

Nagaoka S, Tokuda M, Sakuta T, Taketoshi Y, Tamura M, Takada H, Kawagoe M. Interleukin-8 gene expression by human dental pulp fibroblast in cultures stimulated with Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide. J Endod 1996;22:9-12.

LT CHESLER

Pimenta FJGS, Sa AR, Gomez RS. Lymphangiogenesis in human dental pulp. Inter Endod J 2003;36:853-6.

Pulver WH, Taubman MA, Smith DJ. Immune components in normal and inflamed human dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 1977;22:103-11.

Rauschenberger CR, Bailey JC, Cootauco CJ. Detection of human IL-2 in normal and inflamed dental pulps. J Endod 1997;23:366-70.

Shin SJ, Lee JI, Baek SH, Lim SS. Tissue levels of matrix metalloproteinases in pulps and periapical lesions. J Endod 2002;28:313-15.

SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS:

Beginning 2007, all flare-up related papers will be abstracted and discussed in detail in the Emergencies, Class Lit Seminar # 8. Those related to immunology (host factors) are supplemental to the Inflammation series, and previously addressed in detail here in Class Lit Seminar # 21.

Goldman M, Rankin C, Mehlman R, Santa CA. The immunologic implications and clinical management of the endodontic flare-up. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1988;9:126-30.

Naidorf IJ. Endodontic flare-ups: bacteriological and immunological mechanisms. J Endod 1985;11:462-4.

Seltzer S, Naidorf IJ. Flare-ups in endodontics: I. Etiological factors. J Endod 1985;11:472-8.

Seltzer S, Naidorf IJ. Flare-ups in endodontics: II. Therapeutic measures. J Endod 1985;11:559-67.

Torabinejad M, Kettering JD, McGraw JC, Cummings RR, Dwyer TG, Tobias TS. Factors associated with endodontic interappointment emergencies of teeth with necrotic pulps. J Endod 1988;14:261-6.

Trope M. Flare-up rate of single-visit endodontics. Int Endod J 1991;24:24-6.

Walton R, Fouad A. Endodontic interappointment flare-ups: a prospective study of incidence and related factors. J Endod 1992;18:172-7.

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The following wound healing readings are supplemental to Inflammation, since as the healing is dependent on inflammation, these papers are considered supplemental to this seminar and beginning in 2007, are reviewed in detail in Class Lit # 11, Surgery I.

Hofmann BH. The role of endothelial growth factor in angiogenesis and wound healing. Special Report. Naval Postgraduate Dental School, Bethesda, MD. May 2002.

Clark RAF. Basics of cutaneous wound repair. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19:693-706.

Duke RC, Ojcius DM, Young JD. Cell suicide in health and disease. Sci Am 1996;275:80-7.

Knighton DR, Hunt TK, Scheuenstuhl H, Halliday BJ, Werb Z, Banda MJ. Oxygen tension regulates the expression of angiogenesis factor by macrophages. Science 1983;221:1283-5.

Tyler LW, Matossian K, Todd R, Gallagher GT, White RR, Wong DTW. Eosinophil

derived transforming growth factors (TGF-a and TGF-b₁) in human periradicular lesions.

J Endod 1999;25:619-24.

Wong MEK, Hollinger JO, Pinero GJ. Integrated processes responsible for soft tissue healing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;82: 475-92.

Xiao Y, Bunn C, Bartold PM. The expression of plasminogen activator system in a rat model of periodontal wound healing. J Periodontol 2001;72:849-57.